概要
悪しき行為の果報としての地獄の苦しみを率直に語るこの章は、因果応報の法則の厳粛さを伝えます。嘘をつく者、悪行を隠す者、他者の妻を犯す者への警告は厳しくも、正しい道へと導く慈悲に満ちています。
"Abhūtavādī nirayaṁ upeti, yo vāpi katvā na karomīti cāha; ubhopi te pecca samā bhavanti, nihīnakammā manujā parattha."
Abhūtavādī nirayaṁ upeti, Yo vāpi katvā na karomi cāha; Ubhopi te pecca samā bhavanti, Nihīnakammā manujā parattha
A liar goes to hell, as does one who denies what they did. Both are equal in the hereafter, those men of base deeds.
Kāsāvakaṇṭhā bahavo, pāpadhammā asaññatā; Pāpā pāpehi kammehi, nirayaṁ te upapajjare
Many who wear a scrap of ocher cloth are unrestrained and wicked. Being wicked, they are reborn in hell due to their bad deeds.
Seyyo ayoguḷo bhutto, tatto aggisikhūpamo; Yañce bhuñjeyya dussīlo, raṭṭhapiṇḍamasaññato
It’d be better for the immoral and unrestrained to eat an iron ball, scorching, like a burning flame, than to eat the nation’s alms.
Cattāri ṭhānāni naro pamatto, Āpajjati paradārūpasevī; Apuññalābhaṁ na nikāmaseyyaṁ, Nindaṁ tatīyaṁ nirayaṁ catutthaṁ
Four things befall a heedless man who sleeps with another’s wife: wickedness, poor sleep, ill-repute, and rebirth in hell.
Apuññalābho ca gatī ca pāpikā, Bhītassa bhītāya ratī ca thokikā; Rājā ca daṇḍaṁ garukaṁ paṇeti, Tasmā naro paradāraṁ na seve
He accrues wickedness and is reborn in a bad place, all so a frightened couple may snatch a moment’s pleasure, for which rulers impose a heavy punishment. That’s why a man should not sleep with another’s wife.
Kuso yathā duggahito, hatthamevānukantati; Sāmaññaṁ dupparāmaṭṭhaṁ, nirayāyupakaḍḍhati
When kusa grass is wrongly grasped it only cuts the hand. So too, the ascetic life, when wrongly taken, drags you to hell.
Yaṁ kiñci sithilaṁ kammaṁ, saṅkiliṭṭhañca yaṁ vataṁ; Saṅkassaraṁ brahmacariyaṁ, na taṁ hoti mahapphalaṁ
Any lax act, any corrupt observance, or suspicious spiritual life, is not very fruitful.
Kayirā ce kayirāthenaṁ, daḷhamenaṁ parakkame; Sithilo hi paribbājo, bhiyyo ākirate rajaṁ
If one is to do what should be done, one should staunchly strive. For the life gone forth when laxly led just stirs up dust all the more.
Akataṁ dukkaṭaṁ seyyo, pacchā tappati dukkaṭaṁ; Katañca sukataṁ seyyo, yaṁ katvā nānutappati
A bad deed is better left undone, for it will plague you later on. A good deed is better done, one that does not plague you.
Nagaraṁ yathā paccantaṁ, guttaṁ santarabāhiraṁ; Evaṁ gopetha attānaṁ, khaṇo vo mā upaccagā; Khaṇātītā hi socanti, nirayamhi samappitā
As a frontier city is guarded inside and out, so you should ward yourselves— don’t let the moment pass you by. For if you miss your moment you’ll grieve when sent to hell.
Alajjitāye lajjanti, lajjitāye na lajjare; Micchādiṭṭhisamādānā, sattā gacchanti duggatiṁ
Unashamed of what is shameful, ashamed of what is not shameful; beings who uphold wrong view go to a bad place.
Abhaye bhayadassino, bhaye cābhayadassino; Micchādiṭṭhisamādānā, sattā gacchanti duggatiṁ
Seeing danger where there is none, and blind to the actual danger, beings who uphold wrong view go to a bad place.
Avajje vajjamatino, vajje cāvajjadassino; Micchādiṭṭhisamādānā, sattā gacchanti duggatiṁ
Seeing fault where there is none, and blind to the actual fault, beings who uphold wrong view go to a bad place.
Vajjañca vajjato ñatvā, avajjañca avajjato; Sammādiṭṭhisamādānā, sattā gacchanti suggatiṁ
Knowing a fault as a fault and the faultless as faultless, beings who uphold right view go to a good place.
パーリ語の「ニラヤ」は「喜びのない場所」を意味し、仏教の六道輪廻において最も苦しい境涯です。しかし仏教の地獄は永遠の罰ではなく、業の果報が尽きれば終わる一時的な状態です。ブッダの時代、地獄の概念はジャイナ教やバラモン教にもありましたが、ブッダはそれを「創造神の罰」ではなく「自らの行為の自然な結果」として説きました。この章の地獄の描写は、恐怖を与えるためではなく、悪行の深刻な結果を認識させるための方便です。
来世の地獄を文字通りに信じるかどうかに関わらず、この章の教えは現実的な智慧を含んでいます。嘘をつく習慣、不正な行為、倫理的な逸脱——これらは社会的信用の喪失、法的制裁、自己嫌悪といった「この世の地獄」を生み出します。また、悪行は隠せると思うのは愚かであるという教えは、情報が瞬時に拡散する現代社会ではさらに現実味を帯びています。この章は脅しではなく、因果の法則への真摯な注意喚起として読むべきものです。
用語にカーソルを合わせると意味が表示されます